There is a diverse body of skeptical literature on SRA. Sociologists and journalists noted the vigorous nature with which some evangelical activists and groups were using claims of SRA to further their religious and political goals.[53] Other commentators suggested that the entire phenomenon may be evidence of a "moral panic" over Satanism and child abuse.[54] Skeptical explanations for allegations of SRA have included an attempt by "radical feminists" to undermine the nuclear family,[55] a backlash against working women,[3] homophobic attacks on gay childcare workers,[56] a universal need to believe in evil,[39] fear of alternative spiritualities[57] "end of the millennium" anxieties,[58] or a transient form of temporal lobe epilepsy.[59]
Some advocates of false memory categorize SRA very narrowly, as if ritual abuse practices are only part of a worldwide conspiracy. The research shows that extreme sadistic crimes occur from the poorly and loosely organized practices of individuals and families, to organized cults and larger social networks, a part of which may be connected to Satanism. However, these are more likely to be connected to provable sex ring trafficking. Some SRA may happen in families, extended families and regional community groups, but it probably isn't found in bigger organized social groups.[60]
Skeptics have treated allegations of SRA as "viral agents" or rashes spread through conferences, seminars, books, television programs and court cases, and professionals who believe in SRA.[61] Cases of SRA have been described as “psychogenic syndromes" or "hysterical epidemics",[58] infectious “memetic” agents,[62] symptoms of a “mediasomatic ailment”,[63] or simply the “madness in the air”.[64] In 2006 David Frankfurter, professor of religious studies and history at the University of New Hampshire published an academic study on SRA. He concludes that "No forensic evidence" on SRA "has ever been found".[65] A 1994 review of Victor Jeffery's book, Satanic Panic: Creation of a Contemporary Legend --written at the time when SRA was considered by Jeffery to be a moral panic-- notes that "A 'scare' or 'panic' exists when the magnitude of the concern and agitation is disproportionate relative to the magnitude of the actual threat. Debunking constructionists need to be more explicit on this score, else rare verified instances of 'Satanic crimes' may appear to invalidate their analysis. Satanic 'atrocities' probably exist from time to time." [66] Specific parts of satanic abuse records may appear to have scriptural etymologies and could easily have been conceived by those that wanted to defame or reverse Judeo-Christian religions.[7]
Kenneth Lanning, an expert in the investigation of child sexual abuse,[67] has stated that child molesters may "use the trappings of Satanism to frighten young victims", but the actual claims for satanic conspiracies and human sacrifices are unrealistic and the allegations themselves were unsubstantiated, difficult to prove or disprove, and call the credibility of the child victims into question. Lanning described what he termed "four dynamics" in common among reported cases of Satanic ritual abuse of children: "multiple young victims, multiple offenders, fear as the controlling tactic, and bizarre or ritualistic activity" and stated that he considers some of what the victims alleged to be either untrue or physically impossible. Lanning suggested possible reasons for reports by adults of events that he considered did not appear to be true include "pathological distortion, traumatic memory, normal childhood fears and fantasies, misperception, and confusion."[15]
I believe that there is a middle ground - a continuum of possible activity. Some of what the victims allege may be true and accurate, some may be misperceived or distorted, some may be screened or symbolic, and some may be "contaminated" or false. The problem and challenge, especially for law enforcement, is to determine which is which. This can only be done through active investigation. I believe that the majority of victims alleging "ritual" abuse are in fact victims of some form of abuse or trauma